ABSTRACT
Statement of Problem: Information about etiology and incidence of maxillofacial trauma is important for prevention and appropriate treatments of such injuries
Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective study was to conduct an analysis of maxillofacial injuries transferred and/or referred to the department of maxillofacial Surgery at Chamran emergency hospital, Shiraz, over a 6-year-period with special reference to age, gender, occupation, date, type, site, etiology and clinical management
Materials and Method: The data for this study were collected and reviewed retrospectively from the records and radiographs of 768 patients who were treated for maxillofacial trauma in the department of maxillofacial surgery at the Shiraz Chamran Emergency Hospital, Iran, between 2004 and 2010
Results: A total of 730 of the subjects were the patients with fractures of the facial skeleton. The mean age was 26.6 +/- 12.6 years, ranging from 2 to 81 years. Traffic accident was the most frequent etiological factor of maxillofacial fractures irrespective of gender [69.9% for men and 54.2% for women], whereas the second most frequent cause of injuries was falling down [9.8% for men and 21.5% for women] .The other etiologies were assault [5.2%], sport related injuries [1.3%] and firearm injuries [1%]. Regarding the head injuries in patients with maxillofacial fractures, brain contusion was seen in 227[29.6%] patients and 13.5% of patients had lacerations in the facial soft tissue. The monthly distribution peaked in October, with 81 cases [10.5%], which seems to have been due to schools opening. The next highest incidence was in December, with 80 cases [10.4%], probably because of the changing weather's effect on road traffic
Conclusion: Isolated mandibular fracture due to the road traffic accident was the most common type of maxillofacial injuries in the city of Shiraz
ABSTRACT
infections of the head and neck spaces are serious and dangerous due to vicinity to the great vessels and mediastinum. The most common source of infection leading to head and neck space abscess, are dental infection. This retrospective study was performed to determine the prevalence of head and neck space infections following dental infections, the spaces involved, the most common microorganisms involved in these infections and to determine the prevalence of head and neck space infections according to age and sex of the patients. In this retrospective study, the charts of 241 patients with head and neck space infections referring to Khalili hospital during the past 10 years was reviewed and data well assessed. The most common source of head and neck space infections was dental infections occurring in 141 patients [58.5%]. From these 141 patients, 79 patients were male and 62 patients were female. The most common age of involvement was the 3[rd] decade [39 patient 27.6%]. The second most common cause was tonsillitis occurring in 33 patients [13.7%]. The most common spaces involved in 141 patients with head and neck space infection following dental infections, were: simultaneous involvement of submandibular, sub mental and sublingual space bilaterally [Ludwig's angina] in 53 patients [37.6%] followed by sumbandibular space in 45 patients [31.9%] and Para pharyngeal space in 37 patients [26.2%]. Culture has been performed in only 34 patients from which bacterial growth occurred in 18 cases. The most common organism was non hemolytic streptococci [11 cases]. Head and neck space infection are dangerous and life threatening conditions that occur most commonly following dental infections so it seems that escalating the general knowledge about oral health, increasing dentistry centers and early and proper management of dental infections have a major role in reducing the incidence of head and neck abscesses
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infections/microbiology , Infections/etiology , Infections/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Neck/pathology , Abscess/etiology , Oral Health , Tooth Diseases/complications , StreptococcusABSTRACT
Patients suffering from epilepsy have to take antiepileptic drugs forever. It has been suggested that epilepsy itself and antiepileptic drugs are teratogenic. All aspects of the abnormalities that are induced by these drugs are unclear. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of two routine antiepileptic drugs on ossification. Besides, there was an attempt to decrease their teratogenic effects by using folic acid. 81 female mice [BALB/c] were selected and divided into six groups. Pregnant mice were fed with phenytoin [45mg/kg], Phenobarbital [30mg/kg], phenytoin and folic acid [15micro g], Phenobarbital and folic acid, folic acid and water. The embryos were removed and stained with Alizarin red S/ Alcian blue. Total length of tibia and femur, length of ossified parts of tibia and femur and ossification index were calculated. The data was analysed statistically by ANOVA, LSD and Duncan test. Ossification index in the group treated with Phenobarbital was decreased significantly in femur. Phenytoin had no effects on ossification index. Ossification index in tibia was affected by both antiepileptic drugs. Taking folic acid improved the indices. The impact of these drugs on the tibia was more than femur. It seems that phenytoin decreases the total length of the ossified part of the femur and therefore, has no effect on the ossification index. But phenobarbital affects the length of ossified tissue but not the total length of the femur, so it could change the ossification rate. The drugs affect the tibia and femur differently. It may be because of the different times of appearance and ossification of upper and lower limbs in the fetus
ABSTRACT
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis [RA] is a chronic progressive inflammatory disorder characterized by polyarthritis in association with various systemic symptoms. Nitric oxide [NO] production is increased in serum and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients and may be involved in the inflammatory process. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of various drugs used in the treatment of RA on NO production and if this effect varies with respect to the drugs that were tested
Materials and Methods: Different doses [1-1000 microM] of methotrexate, sulfasalazine, chloroquine and azathioprine were administered to measure IFN-gamma and reaction
Results: Azathioprine, chloroquine and sulfasalazine inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner. Azathioprine. reduced NO production at all drug concentrations [p<0.05]. Chloroquine and sulfasalazine reduced NO production when given at 10-1000 microM Correspondence: LPS-induced NO production in peritoneal macrophages of Balb/C mice. NO production was measured by Griess concentrations [p<0.05], but methotrexate reduced NO production [p<0.05] only when given at a high [1000 microM] concentration
Conclusion: The results suggest that, NO inhibition by these drugs can be regarded as a mechanism of action of these medications in the treatment of RA